Etiology of cell injury pdf

Appears whenever cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis. Cellular injury pathophysiology flashcards quizlet. Define and understand the morphologic patterns of lethal cell injury and the clinical settings in which they occur. Haschek and rousseauxs handbook of toxicologic pathology third edition, 20. Eosinophilic, anucleate cells may persist for days or weeks. We list these causes below and discuss several in greater detail in their own pages. Apoptosis cell death resulting from activation of intracellular signaling cascades that course cell death. Nov 01, 2011 epithelial cell injury associated with ischemiareperfusion is most apparent in the s3 segment of the proximal tubule in most animal models of ischemia.

In this lesson, youre going to learn what etiology means and how etiology is broken down into three main categories. The role of stem cells in the etiology and pathophysiology of. Cell shrinkage, apoptotic bodies which are eaten by macrophages. Notably, well focus in on the different types of necrosis that may occur in the body, their causes, and what. Cell injury often starts with atp depletion this can happen with several types of injury, including hypoxic injury and chemical injury. Most injurious stimuli can be grouped into the following broad categories. Acute liver failure is characterized by acute liver injury, hepatic encephalopathy, and an elevated prothrombin timeinternational normalized ratio inr. The diagnosis rests on laboratory findings of myocardial necrosis, which causes leakage of myocardial enzymes, such as troponin, into the circulating blood. Pdf cellular and molecular etiology of hepatocyte injury in. The causes of cell injury are classified as exogenous or endogenous. Start studying etiology, cell injury, and cell death.

A long tradition defines the scope of pathology as both a clinical specialty and an area of biomedical research. The strongest support for an etiologic role in the development and. Although rooted in the correlation of anatomical and histological changes with clinically apparent disease and hence the iconic images of autopsy and microscope, modern pathology studies the causes of disease etiology and the expressionevolution of such pathogenesis at the. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Ultimately the necrotic cells are removed by phagocytosis of the cellular debris by infiltrating leukocytes. This lesson will discuss the different causes and types of irreversible cell injury. Chapter 1 mechanisms of injury introduction trauma starts with the transfer of energy to the body from an outside force. Introduction cell injury is defined as a variety of stresses a cell encounters as a result of changes in its internal and external environment. Causes of hypoxia include reduced blood flow celled ischemia.

Reversible cell injury has two morphologic hallmarks cell swelling and fatty change. Dec 27, 2012 this video discusses some basic concepts of pathology. If the adaptive capability is exceeded or if the external stress is inherently harmful, cell injury develops fig. The pathogenesis of cell injury is discussed in great detail. Cell injury, cell death, and adaptations new age medical. Pathology is the science dealing with diseases as regards. These alterations may be divided into the following stages.

The first change, of course, is loss of atp production by mitochondria. Pdf exposures to a wide variety of environmental substances are negatively associated with many biological cell systems both in humans and rodents find, read and cite all the research you. This topic covers the mechanism of irreversible cell injury. The ultrastructural changes of reversible cell injury include. Is a normal phenomenon that serves to eliminate cells that are no longer needed to maintain a constant number of cells in tissues and is important in the following situations. Although disease processes are multifarious, the basic categories of insult which can precipitate the mechanisms discussed in cell injury biochemistry are few. Basic principles of cell injury and adaptation etiology of cell injury genetic causes acquired causes genetic causes the genetic causes of various diseases. Causes of cell injury o hypoxia ischemia block in blood flow, hypoxemia decreased partial pressure of oxygen in blood, anemia decreased oxygen. Cell damage is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Cell injury occurs when the limits to an adaptive response adaptation have been exceeded or if the cells are not able to adapt.

The slide includes a transmural section of the left ventricle. Multisystem involvement in the first days of life following fetal hypoxic ischaemic injury modified from phelan et al 2011 the etiology and evolution of fetal brain injury. The stronger and the longer the stimulus, the larger the damage response to a given stimulus depends on the type, status, and genetic makeup of the injured cell. Discriminate cell adaptation, reversible cell injury and irreversible cell injury cell death based on etiology, pathogenesis and histological and ultrastructural appearance. Excessive or overly prolonged normal stimuli action of toxins and other adverse influences that could inhibit the vital cell functions e. Acute liver failure is a rare and severe consequence of abrupt hepatocyte injury, and can evolve over days or weeks to a lethal outcome. May 08, 20 pathophysiology 4 cell injury itskind alike. Air pollution and occupational exposure are other common etiologies.

Natureinflamation, degeneration, circulatory, infections. In the injury group, the pregnancy rate was approximately 30%. Pathophysiology and etiology of postrenal acute kidney injury. It also leads to changes in fluid distribution in the cell nucleus, followed by nuclear swelling, rupture and condensation. Injury denatures proteins and enzymes blocking proteolysis of the dead cells. Cell injury it is change in cells morphology and function in response to stress. The primary causes of aki include ischemia, hypoxia or nephrotoxicity.

Moulton,1, abel suarezfueyo,1 esra meidan,1,2 hao li, masayuki mizui,3 and george c. A variety of insults to liver cells result in a consistent pattern of rapidonset elevation of aminotransferases, altered mentation, and disturbed coagulation. Injury may progress through a reversible stage and culminate in cellular death. Apoptosis is an active, energy dependent, tightly regulated type of cell death that is seen in some speci. When theres not enough atp around, the cell membrane pumps dont work well, and sodium and calcium accumulate inside the cell. Etiology of cell injury free download as powerpoint presentation. She is treated with a chemotherapeutic agent which results in the loss of individual neoplastic cells through fragmentation of individual cell nuclei and cytoplasm. A wide variety of chemicals are can induce severe cellular injury.

Cell damage also known as cell injury is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Table 3 from the etiology and evolution of fetal brain injury. The cumulative pregnancy rate was dramatically improved by the bone marrow stem cell augmentation. The etiology of the majority of meningiomas is unknown. Cell injury, adaptation and death mit opencourseware. Youll also go over a concrete example to demonstrate the etiology of a disease. Cellular injury during cardiac arrest is principally mediated by oxygen deprivation, but additional neurologic injury is incurred depending on associated factors such as concomitant toxic exposures such as carbon monoxide, metabolic stressors such as hypoglycemia, and freeradical production after restoration of blood flow in the socalled. In other cases the chemical is metabolized to a toxic compound, especially by enzymes of hepatic xenobiotic metabolism. Cell injury is any disruption, physical or chemical, that results in the loss of a cell s or tissues ability to maintain homeostasis, in either a normal or adapted state. Adaptation and reversible injury patterns of tissue. It has also been referred to as fulminant hepatic failure, acute hepatic necrosis, fulminant hepatic necrosis, and fulminant hepatitis. At the cellular level, there are many processes that can lead to necrosis. The transfer of kinetic energy may be blunt or sharp in nature.

These pathological processes caused by cancer cells are inflammation cell production of proinflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and others. Etiology, cell injury, and cell death questions and study. It is responsible for 40% to 70% of copd cases and exerts its effect by causing an inflammatory response, cilia dysfunction, and oxidative injury. In this video, i explained the etiology or causes of cell injury or disease cell injury is defined as the effect of a variety of stresses due to etiologic agents a cell encounters resulting in. Cell injury results when cells are stressed so severely that they are no longer able to adapt or when cells are exposed to inherently damaging agents. Pathophysiology and etiology of acute kidney injury. Bone marrow stem cell augmentation led to a cumulative pregnancy rate of nearly 90%. In addition to blunt and sharp mechanisms, there is the situation of thermal energy in the form of heat, cold, or chemical agent, which generates the heat or.

Cellular pathophysiology of ischemic acute kidney injury. Hydropic swelling reflects acute, re versible cell injury and may result from such varied causes as chemical and biological toxins, viral or bacterial infections, is. Euploid cells have a multiple of the normal number of chromosomes eu gk. Chapter 1 cell injury, cell death, and adaptations 7. Classification of morphologic forms of cell injury mechanism of cell injury 1. Morphologic changes structural alterations in cells or tissues iv. Inflammation does not necessarily mean that there is. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious. Thus adaptation, reversible injury, irreversible injury and cell death occur along a. Acquired causes of cell injury further categorized as given, a. In certain cases the chemical is directly toxic to cellular components such as the plasma membrane or mitochondria, precipitating basic biochemical causes of cell injury see. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 28 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 19902016. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

Causes of cell injury the causes of cell injury range from the external gross physical violence of an automobile accident to subtle internal abnormalities, such as a genetic mutation causing lack of a vital enzyme that impairs normal metabolic function. The causes of cell injury, reversible or irreversible, may be broadly classified into two large groups. Within certain limits injury is reversible, and cells return to a stable baseline. Causes of hypoxia include reduced blood flow celled ischemia, inadequate oxygenation of the blood due. For example, a heart muscle fiber stops beating within 60 seconds after cessation of blood flow. Although head injury, viral infection, and cell phone use have been implicated in the development of intracranial meningiomas, 8,9 the data are inconclusive and conflicting for each of these potential etiologies.

Ischemic kidney injury often occurs in the context of multiple organ failure and sepsis. Tobacco use andor physical strain under the hot sun, which cause cell and tissue damage have been implicated in the etiology of malaria. May 20, 2016 this presentation helps you in understanding the basic concepts of cell injury. Cell response to injury is not an allornothing phenomenon.

Untreated, the prognosis is poor, so timely recognition. Egyptian medical texts described infectious diseases tetanus is an often quoted example. Extremely important common cause of cell injurycell death. This chapter will present an overview of how the pathologist views mechanisms of irreversible cell injury cell death, reversible cell. Causes include reduced blood flow ischemia, inadequate oxygenation of the blood, decreased blood oxygencarrying capacity. Reversible injury may require cellular adaptation but the cell survives. First manifestation of almost all forms of cell injury. A 48yearold woman has a malignant lymphoma involving lymph nodes in the paraaortic region. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Chapter 1 cellular adaptations, cell injury, and cell death 5 if the limits of adaptive response to a stimulus are exceeded, or in certain instances when the cell is exposed to an injurious agent or stress, a sequence of events follows that is loosely termed cell injury. Oct 26, 2015 the symptoms of acute myocardial infarction mi are chest pain, which may radiate to the arm or jaw, sweating, nausea, and chest tightness or pressure. Role in autodigestion as a result of cellular injury. Acute kidney injury aki is the leading cause of nephrology consultation and is associated with high mortality rates.

Cellular injury, necrosis, apoptosis life sciences. Faculty of dentistry, prince of songkla university 2020 contents causes of cell injury morphology of injured cell necrosis mechanisms of cell injury apoptosis intracellular accumulations pathologic calcification cellular aging causes of cell injury. The morphologic endpoint of such irreversible injury is cell death or necrosis. However, there is a thin rim 5 to 10 cell layers of endocardial myocytes which have survived because of diffusion of oxygen and nutrients from the ventricular cavity. The absence of existing liver disease distinguishes acute liver failure from decompensated. People have been pathologists observing the effects of disease since the dawn of recorded history, likely before. The appearance of casts and tubular cells in the urine confirms that there is tubular cell damage and death by apoptosis andor necrosis. In principle, cell injury can occur due to the following factors. Contrast ischemia in skeletal muscle tolerates 2 hours versus cardiac muscle tolerate 20. Pathogenesis of human systemic lupus erythematosus. Mechanical trauma, extremes of temperature burns and deep cold, sudden changes in atmospheric pressure, radiation, and electric shock. In contrast to a prerenal etiology, acute kidney injury caused by acute tubular necrosis does not improve with adequate repletion of intravascular volume and blood flow to the. Mechanism of irreversible cell injury the art of medicine.

Cell injury may be reversible sublethal or irreversible lethal. The most common cause in the adult population is diabetes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. What is cell injury definition cellular adaptation. Adaptation and reversible injury patterns of tissue necrosis. Pdf on aug 1, 1996, j p cobb and others published mechanisms of cell injury and death find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Inflammation is caused by a number of physical reactions triggered by the immune system in response to a physical injury or an infection. In hypoxic injury, the sequence of cell injury and death is still yielding up its secrets. Functional derangements and clinical significance definitions. Pdf mechanisms of cell injury and death researchgate. Irreversible cell injury necrosisoccurs when the injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation and is usually a consequence of decreased blood supply. Hypoxia is a deficiency of oxygen, which causes cell injury by reducing aerobic oxidative respiration. In untreated controls, the cumulative pregnancy rate was nearly 100%. When cell death occurs in the living body, the term necrosis is used.

Tobacco smoking is by far the main risk factor for copd. A series of videos that will briefly describe different aspects of cell injury. An underlying feature is a rapid decline in gfr usually associated with decreases in renal blood flow. In any patient presenting with aki, an obstructive cause must be excluded because prompt intervention can result in improvement or complete recovery of renal function see chapter 60. Hypoxia is an extremely important and common cause of cell injury and cell death.